Black Note (Black Money)

Ram lian pui pui te pawh hian hel ho hi a rukin an lo tanpui reng thin a. Hetiang zingah hian India pawh a bang bik chuang lo. Chutiang tanpui-na sum chu a dawngtu tur dik tak kut a thlen theih nan leh kawng laka a bo emaw ruk a nih pawha a chhartu/rutu-in a hman tangkai theih loh nan leh industrial paper satliah ang chauhva a lan theih nan hetiang hian thil(chemical) dumin an tuam thin a. A damdawi hmangin awlsam taka tihreh leh mai theih niin an sawi bawk. A damdawi hi a vang hle a, Embassy te'n an kawl thin tlangpui a, a dawngtu tur dik takin a dawn veleh embassy tang chuan a damdawi la chhuakin black money chu an silfai thin an ti. Photo-a mi hi Laser hmanga enin 50 Dollar tih hriat theih a ni a. A damdawi dik tak hmang lo chuan engti kawng zawng mahin tihreh theih a ni lo thung a, a chhunga pawisa a chhe tel ngei ngei a ni. Hetihrual hian hetiang paper lema mi bum ching mi dum zingah an tam hle bawk. Hetiang black money ang thei tur ber hian siamin an zuar thin a. A damdawi kawltu hria nia insawiin mi tam tak an bum tawh a ni.

Black Money

More Info: Black Money Scam

Jquery Remove

Jquery Remove Real Life Application

Jquery Remove ka hriatthiam dan tlem lo tarlang ve leh zuai teh ang. Kan HTML page-ah hian item then khat eng emaw hun chhung lek tana thuhruk or paih (remove) te kan duh chang a awm thei ang. Chutiang hunah chuan Jquery hmanga chinfel hi a zangkhaiin a rang em em a, chuvangin jquery hmanga remove dan kan sawi ang. A hmasa bera kan en tur chu Jquery remove() method hi a ni ang. He method hian selector leh a chhunga awm zawng zawng (child selectors) te a paih vek thei a. HTML tag pangai ho hi selector an ni vek a, chutihrualin keimahniin class leh id hmangin selector kan siam thei bawk a ni. Entirnan kan HTML head, a class tana .lu kan hman chu lo paih duh ta ila, jquery hmang chuan:

$(".lu").remove(); tih te mai hmang hian head tag, .lu class chu kan paih hmak thei a ni. HTML tag pangai H1 zawng kan paih duh chuan:
$("H1").remove(); tih leh mai tur a ni ang. Hetihrualin hian .lu class la hmang tho si khan method dang empty(); hmangin a thu zawng kha kan paih thei bawk a, chu chu hetiang hian hman tur a ni ang:
$(".lu").empty();
Hetianga kan tih hian a chhung thu chauh kha kan dahruak tihna a ni a, a element chu a lo awm reng tho a ni. Empty hi thu awm tawhsa thudang hmanga thlak kan duhin a awm tawhsa dahchhuah nana a remchang hle a ni.
Tin(Bible style-in), A thu chauh awm tura kan duh chuan unwrap(); method kan hmang thei a ni.

Table to Image Using HTML5 canvas and PHP

Vawna ka sawi tur hi a hmanna a tam khawp mai a. HTML5 canvas hmanga table image-a chantirna a ni. Mahse tam zawk chuan table hi database atanga siam kan duh tlangpui a. Chuvangin Database nena hman rem turin PHP array ka phuah chawp a. Ka data erawh hi chu a dik thlap a ni. Tichuan a hnuaia thlalak ang tak hi siam turin HTML5 chauh kan hmang ang a, a data lak nan chuan PHP kan hmang thung ang.

Top 10 Languages in 2015

A awlsam zawk nan index.php page-ah a hnuaia mi dahlut vek la. Server atangin run la, a chunga mi ang chiah hi i hmu ang:
Table to PNG siamdan mawlmang

<?php

$languages = array( array("Sl/No"=>1, "Programming Language"=>"Python",  "Job"=>"31.2%" , "Rank"=>1 ),

               array("Sl/No"=>2, "Programming Language"=>"Java", "Job"=>"19.6%" , "Rank"=>2),

               array("Sl/No"=>3, "Programming Language"=>"C++", "Job"=>"9.8%" , "Rank"=>3),

              array("Sl/No"=>4, "Programming Language"=>"Ruby", "Job"=>"7.1%" , "Rank"=>4),

              array("Sl/No"=>5, "Programming Language"=>"C#", "Job"=>"7.4%" , "Rank"=>5),

              array("Sl/No"=>6, "Programming Language"=>"C", "Job"=>"6.1%" , "Rank"=>6),

              array("Sl/No"=>7, "Programming Language"=>"Javascript", "Job"=>"6.5%" , "Rank"=>7),

              array("Sl/No"=>8, "Programming Language"=>"PHP", "Job"=>"3.6%" , "Rank"=>8),

              array("Sl/No"=>9, "Programming Language"=>"Go", "Job"=>"2.3%" , "Rank"=>9),

              array("Sl/No"=>10, "Programming Language"=>"Perl", "Job"=>"1.5%" , "Rank"=>10)

             ); 

?>

<!doctype html>
<head>
    <title>Table to PNG</title>
</head>

<body>

<p><canvas id="canvas" style="border:2px solid black;" width="430" height="500"></canvas>

    

<script>

var canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");

var ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");

var data = "<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='430' height='500'>" +

             "<foreignObject width='100%' height='100%'>" +

    "<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml' style='font-size:20px; padding-left:10px'>" +

    

    "<br /><?php if (count($languages) > 0): ?><table border='1' cellpadding='6' cellspacing='6' style='border-collapse:collapse; padding:10px 10px 10px 10px;'><caption>Top 10 Coding Languages 2015</caption><tr><th><?php echo implode('</th><th>', array_keys(current($langueges))); ?></th></tr><?php foreach ($languagesas $row): array_map('htmlentities', $row); ?><tr><td><?php echo implode('</td><td>', $row); ?></td></tr><?php endforeach; ?></table><?php endif; ?>" +

               

                "</div>" +

             "</foreignObject>" +

           "</svg>";

var DOMURL = self.URL || self.webkitURL || self;

var img = new Image();

var svg = new Blob([data], {type: "image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8"});

var url = DOMURL.createObjectURL(svg);

img.onload = function() {

    ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0);

    DOMURL.revokeObjectURL(url);

};

img.src = url;

    </script></p>

    </body>

</html>

</pre>

Demo chu nakinah aw...

Zial zuk ka sim thei lo (I can't stop smoking)

First Star nitin ka zu thin a. Chhungte leh thenrual tha te thlengin mei zuk chawlhsan turin thurawn min pe thin. Mahse Ka sim thei chuang lo. Vanneihthlak takin First Star atangin Zo zialah ka insawn thei hlauh zu tawh lo ang maiin ka in ngai a. Khuh hnawk leh lu na vut vut ang pawhin min kiansan ta deuhvin ka hria. First Star ka zuk lai chuan nitin bawm khat hi ka tla tawk vel a. Ka taksa pawhin a tawrh phah hle a, ka cher a, ka thu reng bawk a. Sum ka heh em em bawkin ka hria. Tun tumah hian First Star ka zuk laia ka sum sen dan leh mi dang te pawhin ziala an sum sen dan awlsam taka an hriat theih nan HTML leh Javascript hmanga chawh dan ka tarlang dawn a ni.

A hmasa ber chuan index.html code a hnuaia mi ang hian kan ziak ang.
<!doctype html>
<head>
<title>Ziak zuk Senso Chawhna</title>
</head>
<script src="zialzuk.js"></script>
<style>
body{
margin-top:10px;
}
</style>
<body>
<div align="justify"><h3>Zial zuk Senso Chawhna    </h3>
        <form>
          <table cellspacing="4" cellpadding="4">
            <tr>
                <td>Nitin i quota </td><td>: <input type="text" id="nitin_i_quota"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Bawm khata awmzat</td><td>: <input type="text" id="bawm_khata_awmzat"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Bawm khat Man </td><td>: <input type="text" id="bawm_khat_man"></td>
            </tr>
               
            </table>
            <input type="button" value="Chhut Rawh le" onclick="sumHman()">
        </form>
        <br />
            <p>Thlatin Sum Sen: <div id="thlatin"></div>
            <p>Kumtin Sum Sen: <div id="kumtin"></div>
    </div>
    </body>
</html>

A hnuaia mi ang hian zialzuk.js chu ziak tur  a ni ang:
<script>
          function sumHman() {
                var thlatin;
                var kumtin;
                  var MawiaHL;
                var nitin= parseFloat(document.getElementById("nitin_i_quota").value);
                var bawm = parseFloat(document.getElementById("bawm_khata_awmzat").value);
                var man = parseFloat(document.getElementById("bawm_khat_man").value);
                    if(isNaN(nitin) || isNaN(bawm) || isNaN(man)) {
                        alert('Field Zawng Zawng dik taka chhutluh vek tur!');
                        return 0;
                    }
                thlatin = ((nitin/bawm)*30)*man;
                kumtin = ((nitin/bawm)*365)*man;
                document.getElementById("thlatin").innerHTML='Rs. '+ thlatin;
                document.getElementById("kumtin").innerHTML='Rs. '+ kumtin;
            }
    </script>

Demo:

Nitin i quota	:
Bawm khata awmzat	:
Bawm khat Man	:

Thlatin Sum Sen:

Kumtin Sum Sen:

HTML tags in Facebook Note

Facebook hmang kan tam chho hle a. Mahni ngaihdan leh tui zawng status, group leh page tangin kan pholang tlangpui thin a. Facebook notes hmang kan awm bawk a. Facebook user tinin mahni profile-ah Facebook note kan neih vek bakah, kan awmna group-ah note ziah theihna a awm vek a, mah se group lamah hi chuan Doc tiin facebook hian a dah thung a. Heng bakah hian facebook page kan siam leh enkawl-ah te facebook notes hi kan hmang thei bawk a ni.

Facebook Notes Awmna:

Kan Timeline-ah: A hnuaia a lema kan tarlan ang hian facebook user notes chu kan timeline-ah More tab kan kawhin notes chu kan hmu thei a.

Facebook Notes in Timeline

Notes kan click chiah hian kan notes lo siam (ziak) tawh list leh a thu a thui chuan a extract tlem kan hmu ang a, tlema thu tam deuh-ah Continue Reading tih a hnuaiah a awm ang a, a thui lo deuhah Read More tih kan hmu thung ang. Read More kan click chuan page pum reload lovin a thuziak dang kan chhiar thei ang. Continue Reading kan click thung chuan Page pum a in reload fel hnu-ah chauh a thu pum kan chhiar thei chauh ang. A hnuaia mi ang hi a ni ang.

Notes list view

Kan hmuh ang hian a chunglam dinglam kilah khian +Add Note leh Pencil Icon kan hmu a, Pencil Icon kan click hian Kan timeline-a note lan dan tur siamna leh lang lo tura dahna(manage section & hide section) a awm a; Activity Log luhna a hnuai berah a lang tel bawk. +Add Note kan click Chuan a hnuaia mi ang hian Note thar siamna tur a lo lang ang.

Facebook Note

Title hi kan thupui ziahna tur a ni a, a hnuai lamah hian kan article (thuziak) chu ziah tur a ni. Kan hmuh ang hian facebook note hian rich tech editor an tih mai WYSIWYG- “what you see is what you get”. editor a nei a. Kan thuziak chu Bold(hawrawp hraw)-a kan dah duh chuan B hi click zeuh a, kan thuziak tur chu ziak mai tur a ni a, Bold kan hman duh tawh loh chuan B click leh zeuh mai tur a ni. hetiang Zel hian I hi italic (hawrawp awn) ziahna a ni a, U hi hawrawp underline-na a ni leh a, U piah chiah mi hi Number list siamna a ni thung a, a piang leh hi Bullet list siamna a ni leh a, a tawp bera mi Blockquote siamna a ni thung.
A chunga kan hmuh bak hi Facebook note hian HTML tags support a nei nual a. Chungte chu a mal malini note cheimawi nana i lo hman remchan theih nan a thawh dan tarlan kan tum ang.

1.  <S>Strikethrough</S>: Hei hi Thuziak thaichhiatna a ni.<S> leh </S> inkarah hian i thuziak thaichhiat duh chu i ziak thei ang.
2. <Big>Thuziak Lian</Big>: Hei hi Lian leh hrawl bika thuziakna a ni thung. 
3. <small>Thuziak te </small>: Hei hi sin bikah thuziak-na a ni.
4. ^Superscript: Internet leh hmun dang leh facebook ngeiah pawh ziah lan ni lo mahse Superscript hi facebook note-ah hian hman theih a ni bawk. E.g. X²
5. _Subscript: A chunga mi ang hian facebook hian Subscript pawh hi a lo support ve reng a ni. E.g. H₂O.
6. <a href="">Links</a>: Anchor tag pawh hi facebook hian a support a ni. 
7. Heading tag: Facebook hian heading tag a support ve bawk a, hman lar bik te chu <H1>Heading 1</H1>, <H2>Heading 2</H2> leh <H3>Heading</H3> te hi an ni.



Facebook Note-a thlalak dahna

8. <img src=""> : Facebook hian Image tag hi a support ve bawk a, mahse src attribute tan hian facebook chhunga mi chauh thlalak a hman theih a ni. A code hmanga kan dah dawn chuan <img src="" alt=""> tiin kan dah thei a, caption kan dah belh duh chuan <div class="caption">Caption hetah hian dah tur</div>. Kan thuziak kan duhna lai laiah kan dah thei. A code hmang kher lo pawh Facebook hian awlsam taka thlalak dahkual theihna min siam sak bawk a. A lema mi ang hian kan thlalak dahna chu layout atang hian a lai , veilam, leh dinglam-ah kan dah theih bakah text-wrap kan siam thei bawk a ni. Thlalak chu kan duhna hmuna dah turin <photo id="1"> hi suan kual ve mai tur a ni ang. Kan hmuh ang hian caption pawh kan ziak nghal thei a ni. 
9. <ol><li>Number list</li></ol>: Number list hi code hmanga kan dah duh chuan <ol><li></li></ol> hmang hian kan dah thei a ni. E.g.
   <ol>
  <li>list item 1</li>
  <li>list item 2</li>
  <li>list item 3</li>
  <li>list item 4</li>
</ol> 
10. <ul><li>Bullet list</li></ul>: Bullet List code hmanga kan dah duh chuan <ul><li></li></ul> tag hi kan hmang thei leh bawk a. E.g.<ul>
  <li>list item 1</li>
  <li>list item 2</li>
  <li>list item 3</li>
  <li>list item 4</li>
</ul> 
11.  <tt>Type writer style</tt>: Hi type writer style-a thuziakna(teletext) a ni.
12. HTML Special Characters: Facebook note hian HTML Special Characters heta mi te hi a support deuh vek bawk a ni.

Facebook Group Doc

Profile Notes leh Page Notes ang lo takin Group-a Note siamna Doc hi chuan Thlalak upload-na a nei ve loa, thlalak dahdan a awm lo tawp a ni.

to be continued.....

Advanced Persistent Threads

Hackerte'n Malware hlauhawm ber ber te an siamchhuah hi Advanced Persistent threads(APT) tiin an sawi thin a. Malware(computer natna hrik) te hi inthehdarh vak tur chi-a code an ni ber a, a ruk thei ang berin an che chhuak thin bawk a ni.  Chuvangin Computer natna hrik hrang hrangah pawh a thawk muang ber chi a ni a, Antivirus na zawngin an hmu thei lo bawk a ni. Heng bakah hian a target machine-ah hun rei tak a cham thei bawk a ni.

APT malware te hian hmanraw chi hrang hrang an nei ve bawk a. A tenawm ve riauna chu a hnathawh tibuai theitu a tawn chuan intihlum-in a intinung leh thei hi a ni. November 2013 khan Ralph Langner chuan APT malware Stuxnet a zirchianna report a rawn tichhuak a. Internet-ah chhiar tur tam mah se,  he stuxnet thawh dan hi Cyber Kill chain zulin tlema zawng sawi kan tum ve ang. A English-a chhiar ve chak hrim hrim chuan hetah hian chhiar theih a ni bawk e...http://www.langner.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/To-kill-a-centrifuge.pdf

Thawk khat lai khan US khuan Uranium sawngbawlna lama Iran hmalak dan chu a enghelh-in Iran-in Nuclear ralthuam puitling a siam thei tak tak ang tih a hlau hle a. Hei hi stuxnet lo pianchhan ber chu a ni. Kum 2012 June khan Security Company Virus Blockader chuan virus thar, Rootkit.Tmephider an hmuchhuak a. A hnuah hei hi Symantec chuan virus hming an phuah dan kalphung zawm turin W32.Stuxnet tiin a hminga thlak sak a, an siamchhuah hun tak hi 2005 vel kha niin an tarlang bawk a ni. Stuxnet hi Industrial powerplant & pipeline bei tura siam a ni a, chutihrualin engkim tichhe tura duan a ni bik lo a, equipment configuration then khat a target bik a, a target pui ber chu Iran Uranium Enrichment facility (hmanrua) a ni.
Reconnaisance phase-ah chuan Iran nuclear programme-a an hmanraw hman hriatchian hle a ngai a. Hemi atan hian research pui tham tak kalpuiin Iran atanga khawl bungrua leh sumdawnna chet vel dan thlengin an hriat hmasak a ngai a, Uranium sawngbawlna hmuna an khawl hman leh OS(Operating system) te an hriat hmasak vek a ngai bawk a ni. Heng bakah hian an facility hnuaia an management te an hriat vek a ngai a ni. Hei vang hian an research and development pawh a neu lo hle ang tih chu rinthiam har a ni lovang. Chuvangin weaponization phase chuan hun a duh rei thawkhat ve viauin a rinawm a ni.

Stuxnet hi email leh USB hmanga kai theih tura siam a ni a, then khatah chuan Uranium sawngbawlna hmuna electronic equipment-ah te an phumru tel bawk a ni. STuxnet hian a target beih nan Microsoft Windows felhlehna (vulnerability) chi li a hmang a, chung zinga pahnih phei chu siamthat (patch fix) a la ni lo nghe nghe a ni. Hetianga mi software felhelhna hmanga va beihna hi zero-day attack(exploit) tiin Computer tawngah chuan an sawi thin a ni. Miin a software-ah dik lo a lo hmuh khan a software siamtu lam hnenah a dik lo lai chu fix turin a report thin a, software siamtu-in a siamthat hma zawng kha zero day an ti a, hetiang hunah hian vantlang tam zawkin software vulnerbility chu an lo hre tawh thin a, chu chu malware siamtute'n remchangah hmangin software siamtu-in software diklohna (vulnerability) a siamthat hma chu remchangah hmangin mi beih nan an lo hmang tawh thin a ni.

Heng bakah hian stuxnet hian SCADA software(Industrial process-a an software hman nasat ber) himtawklohna (vulnerability) poh remchang takin a hmang bawk thei bawk a. Uranium sawngbawlna centrifuges hnathawh dan chu a tichakin a timuang thei bawk a, chutiang taka khawl a thunun tawh chuan Khawl pawhin a chhiatphah ngei ngei thin a ni. Irana stuxnet nghawng report a nih khan centrifuges 900 atanga 1000 inkar vel chu an thlak(replace) tawh nia sawi a ni. Belarus-a Computer Security firm te kovin an computer crash leh in reboot nawn sek mai te chu siamtha turin an ruai a, mahse eng teh ual a ni lo va, an buaina chu a la ngai reng a, a hnua researcher te'n an hmuhchhuah chu Khawvel-a digital weapon hmasa ber code hlauhawm tak an system pakhat-ah a lo awm reng a ni. November 29, 2010 khan Iran President chuan an Uranium sawngbawlna hmuna electronic part hrang hranga an software hmanah buaina a awm thu mipui vantlang hmaah a sawi a nih kha. Stuxnet chuan hlawhtling takin a hna a zo kan tithei ang. Cyber Kill Chain atanga kan thlir chuan Stuxnet hian Command and Control engmah a nei hran lo a, uranium sawngbawlna centrifuges hnathawh dan thlak sak emaw, fing taka lo khawih danglam ver kha a tum lo a, a goal ber chu tihchhiat a ni a, a hlawhtling tak zet bawk a ni.

Excel Vs Database

Sawi tan dan tur pawh ka hrethiam chiah lo...internet-ah chhiar tur a tam a, hriatthiam awlsam dan ber nia ka ngaih angin ka rawn rem thla ve tawp mai a ni.

Excel leh Database software te hian in anna tam tak an nei a, chu chu ka sawi tum ber a ni lo, tun tumah chuan kan thupui ang hian database that bikna sawi ka tum a. Database nen an inan lohna hrethiam tur chuan excel chu enge a nih a, database software chu enge a nih chiah tih hi kan hriat chian hmasak a pawimawh ang.

Excel: Excel hi Microsoft Office Suite peng khat spreadsheet software a ni a, database management software a ni lo va, file management software a ni. Hard Disk-ah a mala vawn that (file anga store) a ni a, phone book lo siam dawn ta la, file pakhata i store a ngai a ni. Excel leh Lotus ang te hi chu file siamna leh maintain-na a ni a, database nena ngaih pawlh theih pawh a ni chiah lovang. A tangkaina ber chu data print nghal tur chhut nan, data khawn khawm nan. Database-a thun tur data lakkhawm nan company lian chuan an hmang nasa ber a ni. Chuvangin Database software te pawh hian excel-a data export theihna an nei deuh tlangpui thin a ni.

Database : database chu information inlaichin bik (related) lakkhawm sawina a ni a. Entirnan Phone Book database chuan heng information inlaichin bik: hming, address, phone number te hi a nei vek a, a len dan azirin heng aia information tam nei pawh a ni thei bawk ang. Database Management Software kan tih chuan information inlaichin bik te (information database) enkawlna, siamna, vawnthatna, sawngbawlna hmanrua (Software tool) kan sawina a ni.

Excel aia Database Software That Bikna

Flexibility : Program leh data te hi a hranga awm ve ve tur an ni a, data kan vawnna tanga data inlaichin lo te kan paih or tihdanglamin emaw kan vawn thatna physical storage kan thlak chang pawhin program chu kan thlak danglam a tul lo va, Excel-ah chuan program leh data hi a kal kawp tlat a, hei hi database software aia a flexible lohna leh that lohna chu a ni. Excel-ah chuan design leh data hmun khatah an awm a, hei hi errors ti tam tu leh logical tibuaitu a ni thin. Database-ah chuan a design leh data kha a hrangin a awm vek a ni. Excelah chuan data pakhat i paihin a design i siam that leh zel a ngai a, database-ah chuan engmah thlak danglam buai a ngai ve lo.

Fast response to information requests: Data te chu database pakhata an awm vek vangin, kan zawn duh vel zawnchhuah zung zung a awlsam bik hle a, excel anga file hrang hranga awm lovin database pakhata table hrang hrang te chu rang takin kan kochhuak zung zung thei a ni. Sumdawnna khawvela sum khawih nasa ber ber bank leh company te pawh hian database an hman chhan chu faster response means better customer service tih hi an hriatchian em vang a ni.

Multiple access: Excel file pakhat chu mi chi hrang hrangin vawi khatah an khawih thei lo va, khawih vaih se a buai anga, data hlu tak kha a chhe (corrupt) mai dawn a ni. Hetiang ang lo tak hian database software chu a rualin mi maktaduai pawhin khawih se a buai dawn lo a ni.

Lower user training costs: Database software te hi chu excel anga a hman dan zir chiam ngai leh thil by-heart teuh ngai ang kha a ni lo va, a hmangtu-in Mizo tawng a thiama, mouse a tihchet thiam chuan darkar 2 vel lekah pawh a zir thiam theih vek a ni. A hmangtu tan pawh productivity tam hle zawk tura ngaih a ni bawk.

Less storage: Database hian Excel te ang aiin space a heh ve lo va, redundant data  a awm lo bawk a, chuvangin excel anga data inconsistency a awm lo bawk a ni.

Security: Excel chuan Open File vekin thil a store a. Database tibuaia, eichhe thei virus mal sawi tur a awm loh laiin Excel Security hi chu a chhe hle a, virus laka data a him lo hle bawk a ni. Database-ah chuan security restriction kan hmang vek thei a. Excel-ah chuan password protect i hman pawhin data kha awlsam takin access theih vek a la ni tho mai.

High Level Data Manipulation: Data chu report hrang hrang siam nan kan hmang thei a, excel-ah chuan file hrang hranga i dah a ngai a, a chunga a that lohna kan sawi bakah khian hei hi a that lohna langsar tak a ni bawk a ni.

Easy Usage: Excel-ah chuan data leh design hmun khatah a awm vek avangin data dik dan ngaihtuah chung reng si a, a design mawina i ngaihtuah tel a ngai a, chu chu a thiam lo tan chuan thil buaithlak leh hun heh thei tak mai a ni a. Database software-ah chuan a design i ngaihtuah a ngai lo va, a data dik leh dik loh i ngaihtuah hah a ngai tawh lo, i raw data kha i provide anga, data calculation dik lo thei lo chu design mawi takah i hmuh mai theih bakah i duh dan ang thlapin format dang dangah i share leh vek thei bawk a, hetiang sharing hi excel-ah chuan a theih loh leh zel bawk a ni.

Data Recovery & backup: data recover leh backup hi excel-ah chuan a theih loh leh zel bawk a. Database-ah chuan i data recover theihna i neih mai bakah backup i nei tel bawk a, i khawl a chhiat or a bo vek pawhin i backup atangin i data i hmu let leh thei a. Bo thei lo tluk data awlsam taka khawih turin i nei reng tihna a ni.

Performance : data access chak dan hi hun heh lohna a ni bawk a, a pawimawh em em a, excel-a fee report siam tur chuan typing thiam tak i nih a ngai a, excel nuam ve pangai taka i hman thiam a tul a; excel calculation hi 100% accuracy a ni lo tih hi mithiam te sawi tam a ni, a chhan chu virus leh bug velin a tibuai thei tlat a ni. Database-ah chuan typing thiam miah lo pawhin fee report i siam thei a, mouse vawi 3 vel click a ngai mai chauh a ni. Keyboard-a type tal i duh pawhin Keyboard shortcut key pahnih vel hmeh a ni mai.

Searching: I data sang/sing chuang zinga pakhat leh thur chhuak duh ta la, excel hmang chuan i mit a that pangai viau chuan darkar fe i hman a ngai mai thei. Database hmang chuan minute khat pawh i mamawh lo. Entirnan, skul naupang pakhat Lawma chu naupang sing chuang zingah i zir chiang duh ta a, database-a i dah chuan a hming atangin awlsam takin a rei berah second 10 velah i hmuchhuak thei nghal a, a mah ber i hmuh tawh chuan a result te, a certificate te, a behaviour report te, a fee report te, a id card te i access thei nghal vek a, excel hmang ta la, engtianga nasa takin nge i buaipui ang tih chu ngaihtuah ngam chi pawh a ni lo.

Result Siam nan: Tunlai school tam berin an buaipui chu note checking, test checking te hi naupang thiamna teh fung leh endikna tha ber a ni tih hi, chuvangin private school-ah phei zirtirtute naupang test checking in an buai reng a. chutah an mark hmuh chu CCE kalphung mil turin nasa takin calculator nen an han chawk chhuak leh dap mai thin a, an hun leh tha an seng nasa hle, naupang mark chhut nana an hun leh tha sen kha checking nan hmang zawk ta se, checking uluk leh zing zawk pawh an tithei ngeiin a rinawm a ni. Chumi tihawlsamna kan hmuh hnaivai ber chu sapho leh vaiho hman duh tawh loh inconsistency ngah leh maintain buaithlak tak mai excel spreadsheet hi a ni. Excel chuan marksheet or progress report card a siam theih nghal loh a, chu chuan hna a ti tam leh a, percentage calculation te hi background value vangin a dik lo thei tlat mai, naupang result dik lo kan siamsak thei daih a ni. Ranking chawh nan phei chuan excel rank function te hi a lem ang leh chauha hman tlak loh a ni. Chuvangin database hi kan intihhmuh a tul ta hle a ni. database-ah chuan data leh design a hran avang hian engkim hi a kaltluang thlup mai a. Zirtirtu-in a check-na mark a rawn submit kha enter luhin marksheet, progress report card te, ranking, grade, percentage, cumulative evaluation, grade point average, etc. te kha kum 100 kal ta mi pawh nise second 10 chhung lekin kan print chhuak chur chur thei mai a. Excel-ah chuan hetiang thil hi a theih loh mai ni lovin a theih loh bur a ni. School Principal te tan database software hi a tha hle a, i data chu i ta a nih ang takin excel thiam kher lo pawhin awlsam takin i control thei a, tuna i information neih hmang khan i hmalam hun lokal zel tura hmalak dan thiam a har tawh lovang.


Excel that lohna: Excel siamtu Microsoft company hrim hrim pawh hi an lian a, hmelma pawh an ngah a, chuvangin virus lakah an him lo hlawm hle bawk a ni. Excel hi thil ho te te calculation nan chuan duhthusama rang leh tha a ni tih chu hai rual loh a ni a, thil lian thamah erawh buaina neuh neuh a ngah hle a ni.  Chungte chu:

• Microsoft thil design sual pakhat internal calculation tana floating points number an hmang hi a ni.
• Excel 2007 leh 2000-ah 850*77.1 hi 2-a sem kher loh chuan zu calculate dik thei hauh lo mai a.
• Excel chuan 40000.223 hi 40000.2229999999-ah zu ngai tlat pek a. 41000.348 pawh hi 41000.3479999999 angin a ngai a, 52000.723 pawh hi 52000.7229999999 angin a ngai tlat bawk a ni, mahse a ni si lo.
• Excel-ah hian calculation tih a awlsam ang bawkin tihsual a awlsam bik em em bawk a ni.
• Excel calculation thiam tur chuan rounding kal hmang hriat thiam a ngai hle bawk.
• I data a len viau chuan excel chu a muang tawh hle ang.
• Excel hian Memory leaks a nei sam viau bawk a, ram leh graphic hmanga in chhan him theih pawh a ni lo leh nghal. 65,536 bak rows a awm thei lo.
• Excel hian content security chauh a nei a, location security a nei lo.
• JPMorgan’s internal investigative task force te chuan 2013 kum tir lam khan Excel Spreadsheet hi an zir chiang a, calculation dik lo leh a data representation dik lo an hmuhchhuah hnem em avangin khawvela worm hlauhawm ber Iran Nuclear plant run tura an siam stuxnet te ai pawha hlauhawm zawk ang hialin zu chhuah a, hei hi Khawvela chanchinbu lar ber te zinga mi Forbes chhuah ngat a ni. (Source: Microsoft's Excel Might Be The Most Dangerous Software On The Planet : Forbes Magazine).
• Goldwater at the University of Massachusetts entitled, "Using Excel for Statistical Data Analysis - Caveats" report-in a tarlan dan chuan Excel hi statistical analysis tan chuan a tha hlawl lo tih a ni.
• "On the Accuracy of Statistical Procedures in Microsoft Excel" by B.D. Mc Culloughan and Barry Wilson chuan excel version hrang hrangah te hian dik lo(bug) a tam avangin a function then khat leh formulae pawhin result dik lo pek chhuah theihna chance an ngah tih an hmuchhuak.
• denizon.com-in excel that lohna hrang hrang a tarlan te chu: tihchingpen a awlsam(vulnerable to fraud), mihring tihsual a tam duh bik (susceptible to human errors), enchhin leh tihdik a harsa bik (difficult to troubleshoot or test), regulator compliance kalh tlat a ni (obstructive to regulatory compliance), business thil khawih zung zung nan a tlak loh(not fit for agile business practice), a huho-a thawhhona tur siam a ni lo(not design for colloborative work), report lakkhawm nan hman a har lutuk(hard to consolidate), decision siam zung zung nan a lak tlak loh (incapable of supporting quick decision making), business kal zel nana hmanrua tan a tlak loh (unsuit for business continuity),  scale poorly, etc.

Excel leh Database Software in anna chu data khawih nana hman ve ve an ni a, i mamawh hun leh a hmanna hriat hi a tha hle bawk a ni. Thil liantham khawih nan chuan Excel chu a hman tlak loh va, list tlem tham te te khawih nana hman hi a tha ber a, a him bawk a, tih dik loh tihdik pawh hriat a awlsamin tihdik pawh a awlsam bawk a ni.

Database Software hman hun.

• i information chu a len/tam viau a, spreadsheet form-a manage theih a nih tawh loh chinah leh subject nei bik data a nih chuan.
• Data chu nakin zela hman i tum chuan
• i information chu danglam thei reng a nih chuan.
• i information atanga report siam i mamawh chuan database tluka tha a awm lo.

Excel Spreadsheet hman hun...

• list tlem tham te-a calculation i siam duhin.
• list tlem tham te-a thil track nan.
• i data tanga chart leh graph i siam duhin.
• What if scenerio i siam duhin.

PHP CHANCHIN NGAIHNAWM

PHP tui te chu PHP chanchin ngaihnawm tak hmang hian intuaithar leh zel ang u:

1. PHP hi Personal Home Page tia hriat hmasak ber a ni.
2. PHP official hming ‘Hypertext Preprocessor’ hi kum 1995 atang khan hman tan a ni tawh.
3. Atir chuan PHP hi Common Gateway Interface (CGI) in `C` set pakhat anga dah a ni phawt (1994).
4. PHP hi Personal Home Page (PHP) enkawlna Perl scripts set thlak nana ruahman a ni.
5. PHP hi kum 1995 khan Rasmus Lerdorf an a siamchhuak. Common Gateway Interface (CGI) binaries original ziaktu a ni bawk.
6. Zeev Suraski leh Andi Gutmans, Technion IIT hmuna developer pahnih te chuan kum 1997 khan a parser an ziak tha a, hei hi PHP 3 base siamtu ber a ni.
7. PHP 3 hi June 1998 khan release a ni.
8. Suraski leh Gutmans chuan PHP 3’s core an ziak tha leh a, kum 1999 khan Zend Engine an lo siamchhuak ta a ni. Anni hi Ramat Gan, Israel-a Zend Technology dinchhuaktu an ni bawk.
9. May 22, 2000, PHP 4, Zend Engine 1.0 hmang chu release a ni.
10. Tunah chuan PHP buaipuitu ber chu PHP Group an ni a, PHP hmandan chungchang thlenga thuneitu ber a ni.
11. July 13, 2004, PHP 5 chu tlangzarh a ni a, hei hian Zend Engine II thar a hmang a ni. PHP 5 -ah hian object-oriented programming full support turin dah a ni bawk. OOP hi PHP 3 leh PHP 4-ah pawh dah a ni tho nain a support tam lo thung a ni.
12. PHP hi PHP License hnuaiah a thlawna hman chi software a ni. GNU General Public License (GPL) nen hian a thuhmun lo tih hriat a tha bawk.
13. PHP hi a tir chuan webpage dynamic leh interactive zawk siam nana ruahman a ni a. Open Source leh general purpose Scripting Languuage hman lar ber a rawn ni chho ta.
14. PHP hi Operating System zawng zawng deuh thawah hman theih a ni a. Heng OS lar leh ropui tak tak Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, leh RISC OS-ah hian hman theih vek a ni.
15. PHP Hian procedural programming or object oriented programming emaw a inpawlh pawhin a hmang thei.
16. PHP hi Website 20 million chuangah install a ni tawh a, million khat chuang server-in an hmang bawk. (PHP: 244M sites, 2.1M IP addresses) http://php.net/usage.php.
17. Khawvel Website 81.7% te hian PHP an hmang tawh.
18. Khawvel pumah PHP developer hi 5 million vel awm anga chhut a ni.
19. PHP version hnuhnung ber chu 5.5.0. a ni.  PHP 6 hi develop mek a ni bawk. PHP 6-ah chuan register_globals, magic quotes, leh safe mode te an remove tawh ang.
20. Khawvela Website ropui, Heng Facebook, Wikipedia.org, ProProfs, Digg, Friendster, Flickr, Technorati, leh Yahoo!, Twitter.com, Wordpress.vom, VK.com, te hian PHP ringawt an hmang.

Cyber Security Pawimawh

Cyber Security pawimawhna tlem lo sawi ve dawn ila. Khawvel hriattham-a attacker kan hmelhriat hmasak ber pawl chu Robert Morris kha a ni ngei ang. Kum 1988 khan internet khawvelah Christmas tree worm a lo release a, kha khan computer sang 6 chuanga tam a lo tibuai a. A thiltih avang khan dollar sing khat chawi tir a ni. Hun a lokal zela kum 1990 chho vel khan hacker group pahnih Legend of Doom leh Masters of Deception chuan indo an puang a, an computer leh computer intihchhiatsak tumin an inbei chiam mai a ni. Kha thil vang khan a tam zawk chuan jail bang an zut phah reng a nih kha. Kum 1990 chho vel hian hacker turu tak tak an lo piang chho bawk a, heng zinga langsar tak chu Kevin Mitnik kha a ni ang. A ni pawh khan hacking vangin jail bang a zut ve bawk a ni. A hnuah chuan Cyber Security Author (Ghost in the wires) ropui a lo ni chho bawk. Heng lai chho velah hian hacker te hi buaina thlentu aimahin thil thar anga ngaih an ni zawk mah a. Kum 1990 tawp lamah chaun Internet server hmang an lo pung hluai a, sumdawng lian leh mimal tam takin hmang tangkaiin hlawkna siam nan an rawn hmang chho a. Internet kaltlang a money exchange a lo tihtheih takah chuan Banking system pawh online a access theih a lo ni ta. Hetah chiah hian hacker leh attacker te an ron inlar tan leh ta a ni. Kum a liam zel a, rukru (attacker leh hacker) te chu buaipuiawm leh hnawksak tak an lo ni ta a ni. Chuvangin kum 2009 khan Lockheed Martin’s Computer Incident Response Team chuan Cyber Kill Chain an tih mai intelligent-driven defence process chu an rawn siamchhuak a, cyber attack tuartute tawrhna tinepna tur leh cyber security professional kaihhruaina hnuaia hun lo awm zel tura inven nana hmalakna a ni. An site http://www.lockheedmartin.co.in ah hian in register theih a ni bawk e. Cyber Kill Chain hian cyber attack chu kawng sarihin a thlir a:

1. Reconnaissance: A hmasa berin attack tur chu khawihah nge a awm tih an zawng phot a. Internet-ah hian Internet service provider-in min pek address hrang theuh kan nei a. Chutihrualin sumdawng te chuan address tam tak, internet domain pawh an nei thei bawk ang. Attack tur chuan site chu an scan- a, a host (port scan) te an hre bel hle a. Tichuan eng port nge expose a nih tih an hre thei nghal a. Heng bakah hian attacker te hian internet computer, a neitu hriatloha spam leh virus thehdarh tura an hman thin botnet (zombie army) te hi an lei a, chutiang hmang chuan mi an hack thin a ni. I hriat lohvin i computer pawh kha an lo hralhkual vak tawh mai thei!

2. Weaponization: A hming kan bel em em malware te hi an target system a zirin ralthuam hlauhawmah an chhuah zung zung mai a ni. Target computer panna beih nana design theih a ni a, a nih loh pawhin online backing website beih nan te an siam (customize) thei a ni. Tunlai khawvelah hi chuan inchhung lumah miin hacking hmanrua an siam vak vak tawh lo va, a thiam bik te siam an lei zel mai tawh a ni.

3. Delivery: Hacker te'n mi an beihna hmanrua ber chu document, image leh pdf te malware hmanga tihbawlhhlawha emaila thawn darh te (Hei hi Phising attack an ti), software lem hmanga malware thehdarh leh software thenkhat that tawk lohna remchanga hmanga malware thun te hi a ni. USB pendrive-a virus kan kai tam tak te hi hemi huanga mi hi an ni. A dang lehah chuan mi website malware hmanga infect a ni a. He step hi a tawi zawnga kan sawi dawn chuan Target computer-a ralthuam thiarna (dahna) a ni kan ti thei ang.

4. Exploitation: Victim host-ah ralthuam ber dah a nih tawh chuan, Exploitation code an run thei tawh a, hei hian a beih ber chu victim OS panna lai a ni. Tichuan victim OS-ah chuan an duh ang feature an dahbelh tawh mai a ni.

5. Installation: Victim OS-ah trojan leh backdoor online victim computer an khawih theihna tur an install thin a, hnathawh environment an insiam ti pawhin sawi ila a dik ang.

6. Command & Control: Attacker chuan a duh ang thala payload a dah theih chuan a hlauhawm tawh hle a, a duh chen chen command a run thei tawh tih a kawk ber a ni. Victim computer keyboard an nei tihna tluk a ni thei bawk ang.

7. Action: A chunga step paruk khi hlawhtling taka an kalpui theih chuan victim awmdan leh khawsak dan engkim lo ngaihthlak a, ruk theih ang ang ruk a, information an mamawh ang lakkhawm kha an hna pui ber chu a ni tawh mai. Pawisa ruk, Victim website tihmingchhiatsak, information

Attack hi a indawt danin a hlawhtling zel bik lo a, Mahse a step te te hian a thawh dan a sawilang chiang viau awm e. Hman remchan hunah Advanced Persistent Threats and Computer Forensic chungchang rawn share leh ang.

Attacking

IP Address leh Port Scanning kan tih mai te hi Network Administrator te hnapui ber a ni a, chutihrualin mi hack-na kalkawng hmahruai (preliminary step) an ni thei bawk. Heng mi attack-na hrang hrang, Email Phising, malicious websites, USB stick hmanga code hlauhawm thehdarh, mi credentials ruksak leh software thatlohna(flaws) te hi lo sawifiah ve dawn ta ila:

Email Phising: hei hian infected attachment a paipawn ru thei, attachment kan va click khan malware a rukin kan khawlah a lo install thei a ni. Attachment te hi file pangai ang tak pawh an ni thei a, a then phei chu thlalak en chakawm ngawih ngawih ang te pawh an ni thei a ni.

Malicious Websites: Attacker thiam tak tak te chuan mi website-ah malicious code an ching (plant) thei a. Hetiang website hi a saptawng chuan Compromised Website te an ti a, a neitu hriatlohin an zuar kual thin bawk a ni. Hetihrual hian Website hlauhawm tur renga siam Malicious website a awm teuh bawk a, hetiang website te hian malware te an host tawp mai a ni. Hetiang Compromised website leh Malicious website te i visit chuan a rukin i computer malware an lo thun malh malh thei a ni. Tichuan i computer chu malware bu, compromised machine (inthlahpunna hmun) atan an hmang zui thei bawk ang. Email phising leh Malicious website hi an thlunzawm leh zel bawk a. Hetiangah hi chuan email-ah khan compromised website link te an dah tel thin a ni. A bikin social media lamah malicious website link dah an ching nasa hle bawk a ni. An thiam em avangin engkim hi pangai ang takin an lantir thiam a fimkhur lutuk hleih theih loh khawp hial a ni. malicious website thenkhat hacker ho run phei chu website pangai nen a danglamna a awm lo va, hetiang ho hian bank hi an target ber a ni thin bawk a, an tum ber chu bank hnathawktu te credential rukchhuah a ni.

Man in the Browser: Attacking nana an hma lar leh tak chu Browser hi a ni. Attacker thiam chuan user browser software that tawk lohna kha remchangah hmangin user attack nan an hmang thei bawk a ni. An thil chhut leh transaction kalphung kha detailin an lo record thlap a, chu chu a neitu hriatlohin an lo hmang ve hem hem tawh thin a ni. Hetianga in attack hi a tuartu tan hriat a har bakah sawi tur a tam vak lo a. Mahse browser hlui lutuk leh update lo lutuk hman chuan tawn ve theih a ni tih hriat a tha ang. Kan browser hman chu a lo berah stable version latest edition tal ni thei se a tha.

Botnet: Botnet hi Hacker te thununna hnuaia awm Computer sawina tawngkam a ni. Zombie tia sawi a ni bawk. I computer chu hacker te thunna hnuaia awm a nih leh nih loh hriat theih dan point 8 zonealarm.com-in a tarlan dan chuan:

1. Hriat theih khawpin i computer a rawn muang tan a, Application i hawn tam vak loh pawhin a chak lo lutuk a, ninawm i ti tan. Misual chuan i computer chu suahsual rawng bawl tura a duh avangin i computer processor leh network a mamawh nasa a, chuvangin i khawl pawhin a lo chak loh phah ta ni.
2. Error message mak a lo lang leh nawlh thin.
3. I computer software a buai zeuh zeuh thin.
4. I thawn ni miah lovin email te i thawnchhuak thin.
5. Tun hma aiin i computer in on leh off chhung a rei bik thin.
6. I hriat lohvin i hard disk space a lo pung or a lo kiam.
7. nangma  close pawh ni chuang lovin i browser a lo in close daih leh thin.
8. Security website then khat i lut thei lo bawk ang.

Antivirus tha leh antimalware tha neih reng hi a tha ber a. Link leh attachment 100%-a hriatchian loh chu click loh a him ber bawk a ni. Tunhnai hian facebook lamah hian link thianghlim lo post leh share a tam em em mai a, a then te phei chu Sex Video ang tak an ni a, va click la link an ni tih i hre thei ang, mahse a zombie i nih theihna chance 100-ah 90 vel a awm tih hriat tel a tha bawk ang. Hetiang security measure miin an sawi te hi ngaih thutak a tha hle a, a chhan chu i dam chhungin heng hacker te hian an um kual reng mai tur che nia.

Hacker te hi article hmasa lama ka lo sawi tawh ang khan Botnet hi an lei loh pawhin rental botnet te a awm leh zel a, hah leh buai chuk chuk ngai lovin mi an hack thei tawh a. Tichuan heng cybercrime software turu Zeus (Zbot = Trojon Horse Computer Worm -Wikipedia) te hmang hian khawvel pumpuia computer zombies te chu command an pe thei tawh a. An hna ber chu zombie kaltlanga computer natna hrik thehdarh a ni. Nitin zombie hi million chanve tal hmuhziah a ni tih mithiam te chuan an sawi a ni.

Flash Drive: In hack na hmanrua hi nitin a pung emaw tih mai tur a ni a, Flash Drive te hi hacker te chuan mi attack nan an hmang nasa ve hle bawk a. I Computer-a thunluh a nih chiah khan i computer chuan a kai nghal thei a, he hrik hi a che rang hle ringawt lo va, i computer ringtu computer dangte khan awlsam takin an kai thei nghal bawk a ni.

User Credentials: Password te hi uluk leh secure taka kan encrypt pawhin hacker te hian a rukchhuah dan thar an dap ve reng tho a. Malware hmangin i password file an copy chhuak thei a,  i password mil turin hash an generate thei bawk a, hei hi Dictionary attack tiin an sawi thin bawk a ni. Password hi hawrawp 8 aia tam a nih a, HAWRAWPPUI leh te inpawlh, character leh number te a inpawlh hian hacker te tan a hash generate a har hle bik tih hriat a tha bawk ang. Eng thil emaw-a account kan hawna password hman tur lo awmsa ang chi a awm chuan rang taka thlak vat a tha a, a chhan chu hetianga password an chhawpchhuahsa ang chi hacker te hian an hrethei riau bawk a ni.

Software Flaws: In attackna thlentu tam ber chu software that tawklohna/diktawklohna (flaws) vang a ni tih hi mithiam te rin dan a ni. Software siamtu lamin software-a dik lo an hmuh chuan a fix na (patches) an tichhuak leh thin a. Automatic update hman nasat pawh hi a tha hle reng a ni. Mahse software siamtu lamin software diklohna an hmuh leh hriat (identify) hma zero day chhung khan attacker chuan remchanna a lo zawng ve thei bawk a ni. Hetiang hun lai hi chuan internet hman tam loh a him ber an ti bawk a ni.

Bandwidth Chungchang

(Hre ber anga thil soi hi ka la sim thei lo a nih hi....a duh chuan min han nuih leh tet tet hlawm mai teh se, tangkaipui tawk chu in awm ve em tho ang chu..He thuziak hi hlui tawh tak a ni..a awm tawh lo emaw ka tih hnuin ka va hai chhuak nawlh mai a...).

Bandwidth hi Enge?
Hosting company zawng zawng deuh thaw hian an plan-ah bandwidth options chi hrang hrang an pechhuak thin a. Tichuan Web Hosting nena inhnaivai tak bandwidth an tih fo hi enge ni ta ang le? Mawlmang taka an dah dawn chuan, bandwidth chu internet pumpui leh i website inkara traffic awm thei zat tuk chin a ni. Hosting Company te’n bandwidth an pekchhuah theih zat hi pawnlam (public) leh chhung lam(an data center)-a an network connection-ah thui tak a innghat ve a ni.

Network Connectivity

Internet hi sawi dan mawlmang ber chuan computer tluklehdingawn tel networks hmanga thlunzawm tiin kan sawi thei awm e. Heng connection (inthlunzawmna) te hi an thlunzawmna hmanrua leh cable(hrui) azirin a chakna hmun leh chaklohna hmun te a awm thei a. An network connection len dan azirin Bandwidth pawh a sangin a hniam ve zel bawk a ni. Entirnan, Internet connect nan DSL i hman chuan bandwidth 1.54 Mega bits (MB) i nei thei ang. Tichuan Bandwidth chu bits (0 or 1) hmanga teh a ni tihna a nih chu. Bits hi bytes-a remkhawm-in hawrawp(text), thumal(word) leh information dang i computer leh internet-a inkara kal(transfer) zawng zawng a huam a ni.

DSL connection i neih chuan i internet Provider (BSNL ang) leh nangma computer chu internet hmangin chhum lo chat lovin in thlunzawm tihna a ni ber. Mahse Internet Provider chuan an hmun (location)-ah chuan DSL connection a sang a sang pawh an nei thei a. Tichuan an ni chuan chung an connection neih zawng zawng chu nang leh kei an customer te hman turin an sem zai ta thin a ni. Bandwidth chu nang leh kei mamawh phuhru zo tura chak an nei ngei ang. Nang leh keiin 1.54 bandwidth lek kan neih laiin kan internet provider chuan 255MB connection daih pawh an lo nei thei a. Nang leh kei bakah an customer dang 165 lai mamawh chu an phuhruk ngei dawn tihna a ni ang(255/1.54).

Traffic
Traffic kan tih chuan Zarkawt phei leh Bungkawn, Zodin, treasury te mitthlaah a lo lang ruak thei ang. Traffic awmzia la hre ngai lo kan nih pawhin hetiang zawng hian in ngaihtuah dawn teh ang. Bandwidth leh traffic hi highway leh car angah ngai ta la. Bandwidth is chu highway-a lane awmzat lo ni ta se, traffic chu highway-a car awmzat sawina a ni ve thung ang. Highway kawngpuiah chuan nangmah chauhvin tlan ta la, i kalna hmun tur chu rang leh chak zawkin i thleng thei ang. Mahse lirthei dang tam laia i kal chuan kawng lakah i tangkhang/tang zeuh zeuh ang. Chuvangin i thlenna hmun tur pawh rang takin leh awlsam tak chuan i thleng dawn hauh lo a ni. A chhan chu traffic jam vang leh lane zawng zawnga lirthei an khah mup tawh chuan tlan zung zung a theih dawn loh a ni.

Traffic chu network connection-a bits thawn chhuahzat sawina a ni tih kan hrethiam uar tawh awm e. Entirna nena sawi hian a fiah leh zual thei ang. Gigabyte khat chuan  1,024 megabytes a tluk a. Tin, hawrawp pakhat store nan hian byte khat zel a ngai tih lo hre phawt ila. Building pakhat-a File cabinet 100 vel awm angah ngai ta la. Cabinet theuh hian folder 1000 an nei a, Folder te theuh chuan paper 100 theuh an nei leh bawk a, paper tina hawrawp(character) awmzat chu 100 zel ni bawk se la, GB chu building chhunga hawrawp awm zawng zawng kha a ni. MP3 hla te hi 4MB vel an ni tlangpui a, a hla ngai chiah khan wav format-a dahin 40MB a ni leh daih thung. Movie pangai len zawng chu 800MB atang 1024MB te an ni bawk thin.

Website atangin i computer-ah MP3 hla transfer(download) turah lo in ngai ta la. I computer leh MP3 i download-na site tan chuan 4MB traffic i siam dawn tihna a ni ang. Website leh internet inkara internet connection a zirin rei lo chhung pawhin i transfer zo thei ang. Mahse i download lai hian midangin an lo download ve bawk chuan i transfer chak thei lovang. MP3 I download-na website chuan 10 MB internet connection a neih a, 4MB-a lian MP3 file chu nangmah chauhvin i download chuan 4MB chauh chu traffice a ni tihna a ni ang. Mahse mi pathumin a rualin chu MP3 file chu an download chuan 12MB (3×4MB) traffic a awm dawn tihna a ni thung ang. A chhan chu kan example-a host hian 10 MB chauh bandwidth a neih vang a ni.  Chuvangin download speed a muang lo thei tawh lo va, nghah pawl kan awm a ngai tawh dawn a ni. Hosting Company-a network hmanrua te chuan file download theuh tute chuan a ruala an download theih nan a speed kha semrual a lo ngai tawh dawn a ni. Vawi khatah a rualin mi 100 velin download phei se chuan a muang leh zual hle an tih a rinthiam theih tawh ang. Chuvangin mi tam takin a ruala chak taka an download theih nan chuan bandwidth chak leh MB tam zawk Website chuan a mamawh tihna a ni.

Hosting Bandwidth
A chunga entirnaah hian Traffice awmzia chu MP3 file download dan hmangin kan sawifiah a. Mahse Traffic hrim hrim hi mi website kan va tlawh ringawt pawhin kan siam thei bawk a. Mi Website i va tlawh khan i computer-ah an website kha i download tihna a ni a, chu chu i browser (Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, Maxthon, Opera,etc.) hmangin i lo thlir a ni.  Web page kha MP3 file ang thovin file chikhat a ni ve a. music file te ai chuan a te fe zawk tih mai chauh a ni.

Webpage hi a chhunga text, thlalak tam dan leh quality a zirin size lian leh te a awm nuk thei. Entirnan CNN.COM home page chu 200KB (200 Kilobytes = 200,000 bytes = 1,600,000 bits). Hei hi Web Page mala tan chuan lian pangai ve tak a ni. Hetih lai hian Yahoo’s home page chu 70KB vel lek a ni thung.